Coyotes stayed FAR, FAR away when we had our llamas. They would not come within a mile of our place. The neighbors even commented how they hadn't seen coyotes around for quite some time, and they always had problems with them. Our llamas were the first ones ever in the area, so it is not like they knew that llamas were dangerous to them. It would be scent alone. After our llamas were gone, they noticed an increase again. We never did know if it was their urine/droppings or just the overall smell that was just the smell of their coats. We never really cared, just enjoyed the lack of local coyotes. The llamas were both males, by the way.

 MissPat, we called them Llama Beans too. lol The do make a fantastic, non-smelly slow release fertilizer! When we get our alpacas, we hope that we can use it the same way. We know, though, that they need protection from predators. They don't have the same effect on coyotes or stray dogs. In fact, they need protection from them the very most.

I have heard that people urine is very effective, even for deer (a lady I know tried it around her garden with great success). But, just as a dog has to re-apply regularly and especially after a rain, so would your people. I don't know if it makes a difference whether it is male or female. It is a scent that isn't theirs and that is usually what marks a territory. I know that the dog that we have now (female), marks her territory regularly with urine, droppings, and scratching the ground. She is respected by the coyotes and foxes. We have only had one come within the boundary. She found it and kept it at bay until we could shoot it. That is the only issue that we ever had.